[251484] Информативный обзор с захватывающими данными - Michaelsib[関東] 2025/07/31(Thu) 11:31
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[251483] A colonial hangover or a linguistic leg-up? India grapples with the enduring appeal of English - Jamespot[九州] 2025/07/31(Thu) 11:31
When British traders landed on India’s shores in the 1600s, they arrived in search of spices and silk but stayed for centuries leaving behind a legacy that would shape the nation long after their colonial exploitation ended: the English language.
Over the centuries, English seeped into the very fabric of Indian life first as a tool of commerce, then as the language of law and, eventually, a marker of privilege. <a href=https://trip36.win>трипскан вход</a> Now, after more than a decade of Hindu-nationalist rule, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is mounting perhaps the most significant challenge yet to the language’s place in India.
“Those who speak English will soon feel ashamed,” Home Minister Amit Shah said last month, igniting a heated debate about national identity and social mobility in the polyglot nation of 1.4 billion.
While Shah did not mention India’s former colonial masters, he declared that “the languages of our country are the jewels of our culture” and that without them, “we cease to be truly Indian.” https://trip36.win трип скан Spoken behind the walls of colonial forts and offices, English in India was at first the language of ledgers and treaties.
But as British rule expanded from the ports of Gujarat to the palaces of Delhi, it became the lingua franca of the colonial elite.
At independence, India faced a dilemma. With hundreds of languages and dialects spoken across its vast landscape, its newly appointed leaders grappled with the question of which one should represent the new nation.
Hindi, the predominant language in the north, was put forward as a candidate for official language.
But strong resistance from non-Hindi-speaking regions especially in the south meant English would remain only as a temporary link to unite the country. It’s a legacy that endures to this day and still rankles some.
“I subscribe to the view that English is the language of the colonial masters,” Pradeep Bahirwani, a retired corporate executive from the southern city of Bengaluru, said, adding: “Our national language should be a language which… has got roots in India.”
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[251475] A secret tunnel city hidden under Rome’s ancient heart is being revealed - Greggbek[海外] 2025/07/31(Thu) 09:25
Rome There’s a reason archaeologist Ersilia D’Ambrosio can scarcely contain her excitement as she leads the way through dimly lit passageways deep below the Capitoline Hill that was once at the heart of ancient Rome: In a city where almost every historic treasure has been laid bare, this vast subterranean labyrinth is an undiscovered world. <a href=https://tripskan.org>tripscan</a> “No one has seen these caves and tunnels for more than a century,” D’Ambrosio tells CNN, plunging further into the gloom. These chambers, which cover around 42,000 square feet, or 3,900 square meters roughly three-quarters the area of an American football field lie in an area beneath the Ancient Roman Forum and the 2,000-year-old Marcello Theater. At its deepest point, one of the caves extends about 985 feet below the surface. https://tripskan.org tripscan Known as the Grottino del Campidoglio, or Capitoline Grotto, these tunnels have been part of the fabric of Rome even since before the days of Julius Caesar, despite being forgotten in recent generations. Comprehensively developed in the Middle Ages, they were in continuous use until the 1920s, at various times housing entire communities, shops, taverns, restaurants and, in World War II, people sheltering from falling Allied bombs.
Above ground, on the steamy morning in July when CNN was granted exclusive access to the cavern network, tourists sweated in temperatures of 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 Celsius) as they explored the Capitoline Square, designed by Michelangelo in the 16th century, and the Capitoline Museums complex. Seventy-five feet below, in the grotto, it’s decidedly cooler at around 55F, with the damp air causing condensation to glitter on some of the tunnel surfaces. Some of the passages are neatly constructed and lined with bricks, a sign of their development and use in the 19th century. Others are more roughly hewn from tuff, a soft volcanic rock from which the famous Seven Hills of Rome are formed. Walking through the tunnels is a trip back in time, with Rome’s complex layers of history laid bare.